Grade: B (Good Scientific Evidence)
Therapy	Specific therapeutic Use(s)
Bromelain	Inflammation
Clove	Dental pain
Comfrey	Inflammation
Grade: C (Unclear or Conflicting Scientific Evidence)
Therapy	Specific therapeutic Use(s)
Aconite	Post-operative pain (in infants)
Alpha-lipoic acid	Pain (burning mouth syndrome)
Arginine	Dental pain (ibuprofen arginate)
Arnica	Analgesia
Black cohosh	Arthritis pain (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis)
Cat's claw	Anti-inflammatory
Coleus	Anti-inflammatory action after cardiopulmonary bypass
Comfrey	Myalgia
Corydalis	Pain (cold-induced)
Dandelion	Anti-inflammatory
DMSO	Anesthesia (for kidney and gallbladder stone removal)
Euphorbia	Inflammation (oral)
Eyebright	Anti-inflammatory
Lavender	Pain (lavender aromatherapy)
Licorice	Inflammation
Propolis	Dental pain
Reishi mushroom	Pain (postherpetic)
Shark cartilage	Pain
Turmeric	Inflammation
Vitamin C	Complex regional pain syndrome
White horehound	Pain
Traditional or Theoretical Uses which Lack Sufficient Evidence
Therapy	Specific therapeutic Use(s)
5-HTP	Inflammation
Abuta	Dental analgesia (dental pain)
Acacia	Inflammation
Acai	Anti-inflammatory
Ackee	Pain relief
Aconite	Analgesia (pain reliever)
Adrenal extract	Inflammation
African wild potato	Inflammation
Alfalfa	Inflammation
Alkanna	Anti-inflammatory
Allspice	Muscle pain
Alpha-lipoic acid	Inflammation
Alpinia	Anti-inflammatory
Amaranth oil	Inflammation
American hellebore	Pain
American pawpaw	Anti-inflammatory (for the mouth and throat)
American pennyroyal	Muscle pain
Andrographis paniculata Nees, Kan Jang®, SHA-10	Inflammation
Anise	Anti-inflammatory
Aortic acid	Inflammation
Arabinogalactan	Anti-inflammatory
Arginine	Anti-inflammatory
Arnica	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Arrowroot	Inflammation (mucous membranes)
Asarum	Analgesia (pain-reliever)
Asparagus	Inflammation
Astaxanthin	Anti-inflammatory
Astragalus	Anti-inflammatory
Avocado	Inflammation (oral)
Babassu	Anti-inflammatory
Bacopa	Analgesia
Bael fruit	Inflammation
Baikal skullcap	Anti-inflammatory
Bamboo	Inflammation
Barberry	Anti-inflammatory
Bay leaf	Analgesic (pain-reliever)
Belladonna	Acute inflammation
Bellis perennis	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Berberine	Anti-inflammatory
Betony	Anti-inflammatory
Birch	Anti-inflammatory
Bitter almond	Anti-inflammatory
Bitter melon	Analgesia (pain relief)
Bitter orange	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Black cohosh	Anti-inflammatory
Black currant	Anti-inflammatory
Black pepper	Anti-inflammatory
Black tea	Pain
Blessed thistle	Inflammation
Bloodroot	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Blue cohosh	Anti-inflammatory
Blue flag	Anti-inflammatory
Boldo	Anti-inflammatory
Boneset	Anti-inflammatory
Borage seed oil	Anti-inflammatory
Boron	Anti-inflammatory
Boswellia	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Bovine colostrum	Anti-inflammatory
Bromelain	Pain (general)
Buchu	Anti-inflammatory
Bulbous buttercup	Anodyne
Bupleurum	Analgesia (pain relief)
Burdock	Inflammation
Butterbur	Pain
Cajeput oil	Anesthetic (pain blocker)
Calamus	Anti-inflammatory
Calendula	Anti-inflammatory
Cardamom	Anti-inflammatory
Cascara sagrada	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Cat's claw	Pain (including bone pain)
Chaparral	Anti-inflammatory
Chasteberry	Anti-inflammatory
Cherry	Anti-inflammatory
Chia	Inflammation
Chicory	Anti-inflammatory
Choline	Anesthesia
Chondroitin sulfate	Analgesic
Chrysanthemum	Anesthetic (reduces pain)
Cinnamon	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Cleavers	Anti-inflammatory
Clove	Inflammation
Comfrey	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Copper	Muscle ache
Cordyceps	Anti-inflammatory
Cornflower	Anti-inflammatory
Corydalis	Pain relief
Couch grass	Anti-inflammatory
Cramp bark	Anti-inflammatory
Cranberry	Anti-inflammatory
Creatine	Anti-inflammatory
Damiana	Anti-inflammatory
Dandelion	Analgesia
Danshen	Anti-inflammatory
Datura wrightii	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Devil's claw	Analgesic
Devil's club	Pain
DMSO	Complex regional pain syndrome
Dong quai	Pain
Eastern hemlock	Anti-inflammatory
Echinacea	Pain
Elderberry and elder flower	Anti-inflammatory
Elecampane	Pain (various causes)
Emu oil	Anti-inflammatory
English ivy	Inflammation
Ephedra	Anti-inflammatory
Eucalyptus oil	Inflammation
Euphorbia	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Evening primrose oil	Inflammation
Fenugreek	Inflammation
Feverfew	Anti-inflammatory
Flaxseed and flaxseed oil	Inflammation
Gamma oryzanol	Anti-inflammatory
Garcinia	Anti-inflammatory
Garlic	Dental pain
Germanium	Analgesia
Ginger	Anti-inflammatory
Ginkgo	Anti-inflammatory
Ginseng	Anti-inflammatory
Glucosamine	Pain
Glyconutrients	Inflammation
Goldenrod	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Goldenseal	Anesthetic
Gotu kola	Inflammation
Grape seed	Inflammation
Green-lipped mussel	Anti-inflammatory
Ground ivy	Anti-inflammatory
Guggul	Pain
Gumweed	Pain
Heartsease	Anti-inflammatory
Hibiscus	Pain (antinociceptive)
Holy basil	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Honey	Anti-inflammatory
Hops	Analgesic
Horny goat weed	Analgesia
Horseradish	Anodyne (pain-reliever)
Hydrangea	Inflammation (urethra)
Hydrazine sulfate	Pain
Hyssop	Anti-inflammatory
Ignatia	Anti-inflammatory
Jequirity	Anodyne (pain reliever)
Jiaogulan	Anti-inflammatory
Jojoba	Anti-inflammatory
Juniper	Analgesic
Kava	Anesthesia
Khella	Inflammation
Kudzu	Anti-inflammatory
Labrador tea	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Ladies mantle	Anti-inflammatory
Lady's slipper	Pain
Lavender	Anti-inflammatory
Lemon balm	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Lemongrass	Analgesic (pain relieving)
Lingonberry	Anti-inflammatory
Lotus	Inflammation (tissue)
Mangosteen	Anti-inflammatory
Marshmallow	Inflammation (small intestine)
Mastic	Muscle aches
Meadowsweet	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Milk thistle	Anti-inflammatory
Morus nigra	Analgesic
MSM	Analgesia
Muira puama	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Mullein	Analgesic
Neem	Analgesic (pain-reliever)
Noni	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Nopal	Anti-inflammatory
Nux vomica	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Oleander	Inflammation
Oregano	Muscle pain
Pagoda tree	Anti-inflammatory
Pantethine	Anti-inflammatory
Passion flower	Chronic pain
PC-SPES	Pain
Peony	Anti-inflammatory
Peppermint	Inflammation of oral mucosa
Perilla	Anti-inflammatory
Pokeweed	Inflammation (upper and lower respiratory tract)
Polypodium leucotomos extract and anapsos	Inflammation
Populus	Anti-inflammatory
Propolis	Anti-inflammatory
Pycnogenol	Inflammation
Pygeum	Inflammation
Quassia	Analgesic (reduces pain)
Quercetin	Anti-inflammatory
Raspberry	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Red yeast rice	Anti-inflammatory
Rehmannia	Anti-inflammatory
Reishi mushroom	Anti-inflammatory
Resveratrol	Anti-inflammatory
Rhodiola	Anti-inflammatory
Riboflavin	Pain
Rosemary	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Rutin	Inflammation (oral
Safflower	Anti-inflammatory
Sage	Anti-inflammatory
Salvia divinorum	Pain
Saw palmetto	Inflammation
Scotch broom	Inflammation
Sea buckthorn	Analgesic (pain-reliever)
Selenium	Inflammation
Slippery elm	Inflammation
Sorrel	Inflammation
Soy	Inflammation
Spirulina	Anti-inflammatory
St. John's wort	Anti-inflammatory
Star anise	Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Stevia	Anti-inflammatory
Stinging nettle	Anti-inflammatory
Strawberry	Anti-inflammatory
Sweet basil	Anti-inflammatory
Sweet woodruff	Anti-inflammatory
Tamanu	Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
Tangerine	Anti-inflammatory
Tea tree oil	Anti-inflammatory
Thyme	Inflammation of the colon
Thymus extract	Inflammation (maxillofacial)
Tree tobacco	Anti-inflammatory
Tribulus	Inflammation
Turmeric	Pain
Tylophora	Inflammation
Usnea	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Valerian	Muscle pain/spasm/tension
Vitamin O	Pain
Wasabi	Analgesia
Watercress	Anti-inflammatory
Wheatgrass	Pain (abdominal)
White oak	Inflammation
White water lily	Anti-inflammatory
Wild yam	Anti-inflammatory
Willow bark	Analgesic (pain reliever)
Yarrow	Anti-inflammatory
Yerba santa	Anti-inflammatory
Yew	Pain
Yohimbe bark extract	Anesthetic
Yucca	Anti-inflammatory